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Observe
students carefully using
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interviews
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open-ended
exam questions (explain…, show…)
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Interpret
student errors in terms of a model of learning.
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Apply
our understanding of student starting points to
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not
gloss over points which are difficult for students
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use
what students know as resources for their learning
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focus
our evaluations on the basic building blocks
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instead
of on superficial manipulations
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