A remarkable species of ants known as “trap-jaw ants” have a pair of jaws (mandibles) that can open to 180^o and quickly snap shut, either to attack prey or in self defense. As a defense mechanism, snapping its jaws shut on the ground sends the ant flying off backwards or up into the air, to a distance many times the ant’s length. The head of the ant with the jaws in the open and closed position are shown at the right.†

A group at Berkeley‡ took high-speed videos of the ants jumping. (The frame rate was one frame every 20 microseconds – 2 x 10^-5 s – about 1000 times faster than an everyday video!) From these videos, they were able to extract the position and velocity of the snapping mandibles, as shown in the graphs at the right. These are the data for “unobstructed” mandibles – ones that snap closed but don’t hit anything.

Let’s use these data to get an idea of the forces involved.

A. One mandible (the one represented by the open circles in the graphs) changes its speed from about 40 m/s (that is NOT a typo) to -30 m/s in about 40 μs (4 x 10^-5 s). If the mass of the mandible is 130 μg (1.3 x 10^-7 kg), find the momentum change of the mandible and the average force acting on it during that time.