Snell's law for
        ultrasound
          
      
	 
	 
 -  We have used a Newton's particle  model and Huygens' wave model
   to describe the propagation of light rays. Both of these models  correctly
   predict Snell's law for the refraction (bending) of light as it moves from
  one homogeneous medium into another where the speed of light differs from the
  speed in the first medium. Discuss how they do so and what each model has to
  assume about the speed of light in a more dense medium in order to describe
  experimental observations.
 
 -  We typically deal with
     sound that has wavelengths comparable to the objects it interacts with (on
     the order of a few centimeters to a few meters) so we don't usually talk
     about "sound rays" or Snell's law for sound. But
   if we are working with high frequency ultrasound, as is used currently in
   many medical probes, it would be appropriate to consider it. We are pretty
   certain of a couple of relevant facts about sound:
 
 - Sound propagates as a wave.
- The speed of sound is greater in a dense medium. 
 
 Discuss what this would means for Snell's law for sound.  Do you expect a ray of sound coming onto a denser medium to bend towards the normal (like light) or away from the normal?  Explain your reasoning.
 - Can we have the analog of total internal reflection for sound? If so, this
     could have severe implications for imaging using ultrasound.  The speed of
     sound for some relevant media are given below. Determine  which boundaries
     between two media could lead to total reflection of sound rays. Describe the
     configuration (entering from which medium) and find the angle above which
   total reflection occurs.*
   
     | Material | Speed of Sound | 
   
     | Air | 330 m/s  | 
   
     | Muscle | 1600 m/s  | 
   
     | Bone | 4000 m/s  | 
 
  
 
* Data taken from J. R. Cameron and J. G. Skofronick, Medical Physics (John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1978) p. 255. 
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April 29, 2006: OP30